VIP — Neuropeptide / immunomodulatory hormone — class B GPCR agonist (VPAC1/VPAC2 receptors)
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, lungs, gut, and immune cells. It acts via VPAC1 and VPAC2 (class B GPCRs) coupled to Gs/cAMP. Key mechanisms: (1) Potent bronchodilation and pulmonary vasodilation (VPAC1/VPAC2 in smooth muscle); (2) Anti-inflammatory — suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12), promotes anti-inflammatory IL-10; shifts macrophage polarization from M1 to M2; suppresses Th1/Th17 responses; (3) Neuroprotection — reduces glutamate excitotoxicity, promotes BDNF and PACAP; (4) Gut motility regulation — relaxes intestinal smooth muscle; (5) Immunomodulation — expressed on NK cells, T cells, and B cells; modulates regulatory T cell activity. Potential in autoimmunity, post-COVID immune dysregulation, and SIBO.
نظرة عامة
هذه الصفحة جزء من مكتبة المركّبات المُصنَّفة بالأدلة في Hormonaly. جميع الادعاءات السريرية مرتبطة بمصادر علمية مُحكَّمة عبر خط أنابيب التحقق المزدوج للاستشهادات.
فئة المركّب
Neuropeptide / immunomodulatory hormone — class B GPCR agonist (VPAC1/VPAC2 receptors)
آلية العمل
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, lungs, gut, and immune cells. It acts via VPAC1 and VPAC2 (class B GPCRs) coupled to Gs/cAMP. Key mechanisms: (1) Potent bronchodilation and pulmonary vasodilation (VPAC1/VPAC2 in smooth muscle); (2) Anti-inflammatory — suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12), promotes anti-inflammatory IL-10; shifts macrophage polarization from M1 to M2; suppresses Th1/Th17 responses; (3) Neuroprotection — reduces glutamate excitotoxicity, promotes BDNF and PACAP; (4) Gut motility regulation — relaxes intestinal smooth muscle; (5) Immunomodulation — expressed on NK cells, T cells, and B cells; modulates regulatory T cell activity. Potential in autoimmunity, post-COVID immune dysregulation, and SIBO.
الوضع التنظيمي
NOT FDA approved for any indication. Aviptadil (synthetic VIP, NeuroRx) received FDA Fast Track designation for COVID-19 ARDS but Phase 3 did not meet primary endpoint in 2022.
مستوى الأدلة
C — Phase 2 RCT for rheumatoid arthritis (Delgado et al., 2008, n=24) showed significant improvement in DAS28 score vs placebo. Phase 2 data for COVID-19/ARDS (NeuroRx, 2021). No Phase 3 data for any indication in the US as of 2024.